1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why the old definition of carbohydrates is inaccurate?
a) There are substances other than carbohydrates that have the formula CnH2nOn.
b) There are some carbohydrates that do not obey the formula CnH2nOn.
c) Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
d) The old definition does not include substances like acetic acid.
Answer: c) Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in animals?
a) Sources of energy
b) Structure of nucleic acids
c) Structure of lactose in milk
d) Formation of cell membrane and ground substances between tissues
Answer: c) Structure of lactose in milk
3. Which classification of carbohydrates contains more than 10 sugar units?
a) Monosaccharides
b) Disaccharides
c) Oligosaccharides
d) Polysaccharides
Answer: d) Polysaccharides
4. What is the main source of dietary fiber in plants?
a) Cellulose
b) Starch
c) Pectin
d) Glucose
Answer: c) Pectin
5. Carbohydrates with two sugar units are classified as:
a) Monosaccharides
b) Disaccharides
c) Oligosaccharides
d) Polysaccharides
Answer: b) Disaccharides
6. Which of the following is NOT a substance that can have the formula CnH2nOn but is not a carbohydrate?
a) Acetic acid
b) Rhamnose
c) Amino sugars
d) Deoxy sugars
Answer: a) Acetic acid
7. Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis in plants?
a) Cellulose
b) Starch
c) Pectin
d) Glucose
Answer: d) Glucose
8. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of:
a) Fatty acids
b) Amino acids
c) Polyhydric alcohols
d) Nucleic acids
Answer: c) Polyhydric alcohols
9. How many sugar units do oligosaccharides contain?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three to ten
d) More than ten
Answer: c) Three to ten
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in animals?
a) Sources of energy
b) Structure of nucleic acids
c) Formation of cell membrane and ground substances between tissues
d) Framework of plants
Answer: d) Framework of plants
1) Which type of monosaccharides contain an aldehyde group?
a) Aldoses
b) Ketoses
c) Aldotrioses
d) Ketotrioses
Correct answer: a) Aldoses
2) Which type of monosaccharides contain a ketone group?
a) Aldoses
b) Ketoses
c) Aldotrioses
d) Ketotrioses
Correct answer: b) Ketoses
3) Monosaccharides with 3 carbon atoms are called:
a) Aldotrioses
b) Ketotrioses
c) Aldopentoses
d) Ketopentoses
Correct answer: a) Aldotrioses
4) Monosaccharides with 4 carbon atoms are called:
a) Aldotrioses
b) Ketotrioses
c) Aldotetroses
d) Ketotetroses
Correct answer: c) Aldotetroses
5) Monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms are called:
a) Aldopentoses
b) Ketopentoses
c) Aldohexoses
d) Ketohexoses
Correct answer: a) Aldopentoses
6) Which pentose enters the structure of RNA, NAD, NADP, flavoproteins, ATP, and other high energy phosphate compounds?
a) Ribose
b) Deoxyribose
c) Ribose phosphate
d) Ribulose phosphate
Correct answer: a) Ribose
7) Monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms are called:
a) Aldotetroses
b) Ketotetroses
c) Aldohexoses
d) Ketohexoses
Correct answer: c) Aldohexoses
8) Which aldohexose is called grape sugar, blood sugar, or Dextrose?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: a) Glucose
9) Which aldohexose is a subunit in glycoproteins and sialic acid?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: b) Mannose
10) Which aldohexose is a subunit of the milk sugar, lactose?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: c) Galactose
11) Which ketohexose is called levulose because it is levorotatory?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: d) Fructose
12) Which ketohexose is the main sugar in bee's honey, fruits, and semen?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: d) Fructose
13) Which ketohexose is considered as the sweetest sugar known?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: d) Fructose
14) Which type of monosaccharides contain an aldehyde or ketone group and have 3 carbon atoms?
a) Aldotrioses
b) Ketotrioses
c) Aldopentoses
d) Ketopentoses
Correct answer: a) Aldotrioses
15) Which type of monosaccharides contain an aldehyde or ketone group and have 4 carbon atoms?
a) Aldotrioses
b) Ketotrioses
c) Aldotetroses
d) Ketotetroses
Correct answer: c) Aldotetroses
16) Which type of monosaccharides contain an aldehyde or ketone group and have 5 carbon atoms?
a) Aldopentoses
b) Ketopentoses
c) Aldohexoses
d) Ketohexoses
Correct answer: a) Aldopentoses
17) Which type of monosaccharides contain an aldehyde or ketone group and have 6 carbon atoms?
a) Aldotetroses
b) Ketotetroses
c) Aldohexoses
d) Ketohexoses
Correct answer: c) Aldohexoses
18) Which monosaccharide is obtained from inulin and sucrose hydrolysis?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: d) Fructose
19) Which monosaccharide is the semen sugar and can be used as a fertility index?
a) Glucose
b) Mannose
c) Galactose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: d) Fructose
20) What is the term for a carbon atom attached to 4 different groups or atoms?
a) Asymmetric carbon atom
b) Optical activity
c) Isomerism
d) Glyceraldehyde
Correct answer: a) Asymmetric carbon atom
1) What is the definition of optical activity?
a) The ability of a substance to rotate the plane of the plane polarized light
b) The ability of a substance to emit light
c) The ability of a substance to reflect light
d) The ability of a substance to absorb light
Correct answer: a) The ability of a substance to rotate the plane of the plane polarized light
2) What is the difference between plane polarized light and ordinary light?
a) Plane polarized light vibrates in all directions, while ordinary light vibrates in one plane and one direction
b) Plane polarized light can be changed to ordinary light by passing it through a prism
c) Ordinary light vibrates in all directions, while plane polarized light vibrates in one plane and one direction
d) Ordinary light can be changed to plane polarized light by passing it through a prism
Correct answer: c) Ordinary light vibrates in all directions, while plane polarized light vibrates in one plane and one direction
3) What is the phenomenon that allows ordinary light to be changed to plane polarized light?
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Correct answer: a) Refraction
4) What is the substance that rotates the light to the right called?
a) Dextrorotatory (D or +)
b) Levorotatory (L or -)
c) Glucose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: a) Dextrorotatory (D or +)
5) What is the substance that rotates the light to the left called?
a) Dextrorotatory (D or +)
b) Levorotatory (L or -)
c) Glucose
d) Fructose
Correct answer: b) Levorotatory (L or -)
6) What is specific rotation?
a) The observed angle of deviation of the plane polarized light in degrees from the straight path
b) The observed angle of deviation of the ordinary light in degrees from the straight path
c) The observed angle of deviation of the plane polarized light in radians from the straight path
d) The observed angle of deviation of the ordinary light in radians from the straight path
Correct answer: a) The observed angle of deviation of the plane polarized light in degrees from the straight path
7) Under what conditions is specific rotation measured?
a) Light source: sodium light, temperature: 20 oC, concentration: 1 gm/ml, polarimeter tube length: 1 decimeter
b) Light source: white light, temperature: 25 oC, concentration: 1 gm/ml, polarimeter tube length: 1 meter
c) Light source: sodium light, temperature: 25 oC, concentration: 1 gm/ml, polarimeter tube length: 1 decimeter
d) Light source: white light, temperature: 20 oC, concentration: 1 gm/ml, polarimeter tube length: 1 meter
Correct answer: a) Light source: sodium light, temperature: 20 oC, concentration: 1 gm/ml, polarimeter tube length: 1 decimeter
8) What is the main purpose of optical activity?
a) Determination whether a substance is optically active or not
b) Identification of a substance by determining its specific rotation
c) Determination of the concentration of a substance
d) Differentiate between glucosuria and lactosuria
Correct answer: a) Determination whether a substance is optically active or not
9) What is the specific purpose of determining the specific rotation of a substance?
a) Determination whether a substance is optically active or not
b) Identification of a substance by determining its specific rotation
c) Determination of the concentration of a substance
d) Differentiate between glucosuria and lactosuria
Correct answer: b) Identification of a substance by determining its specific rotation
10) When is it important to differentiate between glucosuria and lactosuria?
a) In late pregnancy
b) In early pregnancy
c) In the first trimester
d) In the second trimester
Correct answer: a) In late pregnancy
11) What does the differentiation between glucosuria and lactosuria in late pregnancy help determine?
a) Diabetes mellitus (glucose) from the normal appearance of lactose produced by the mammary glands in urine
b) Diabetes mellitus (glucose) from the abnormal appearance of lactose produced by the mammary glands in urine
c) Lactose intolerance from the normal appearance of glucose produced by the mammary glands in urine
d) Lactose intolerance from the abnormal appearance of glucose produced by the mammary glands in urine
Correct answer: a) Diabetes mellitus (glucose) from the normal appearance of lactose produced by the mammary glands in urine
1. Which form of glucose is more stable in solution?
a) α-glucose
b) β-glucose
c) γ-glucose
d) Open chain form
Correct answer: b) β-glucose
2. What is the composition of the solution at equilibrium?
a) 2/3 α-glucopyranose, 1/3 β-glucopyranose, 1% γ-glucose, 0.0025% open chain form
b) 1/3 α-glucopyranose, 2/3 β-glucopyranose, 1% γ-glucose, 0.0025% open chain form
c) 1/3 α-glucopyranose, 1/3 β-glucopyranose, 2/3 γ-glucose, 0.0025% open chain form
d) 1/3 α-glucopyranose, 1/3 β-glucopyranose, 1% γ-glucose, 0.005% open chain form
Correct answer: a) 2/3 α-glucopyranose, 1/3 β-glucopyranose, 1% γ-glucose, 0.0025% open chain form
3. Which group condenses with the OH on C4 or C5 to form a ring structure?
a) Hydroxyl group
b) Aldehyde group
c) Keto group
d) Aldenol group
Correct answer: a) Hydroxyl group
4. What is the term used to describe the two isomeric forms of a sugar?
a) Anomers
b) Isomers
c) Epimers
d) Enantiomers
Correct answer: a) Anomers
5. Which carbon atom becomes the anomeric carbon atom in aldoses?
a) C1
b) C2
c) C3
d) C4
Correct answer: a) C1
6. Which carbon atom becomes the anomeric carbon atom in ketoses?
a) C1
b) C2
c) C3
d) C4
Correct answer: b) C2
7. How are the right groups written in the ring form of a sugar?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
d) Diagonally
Correct answer: a) Upwards
8. How are the left groups written in the ring form of a sugar?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
d) Diagonally
Correct answer: b) Downwards
9. In which form is the radical of the sugar molecule written upwards?
a) D-sugar
b) L-sugar
c) α-anomer
d) β-anomer
Correct answer: a) D-sugar
10. In which form is the radical of the sugar molecule written inside the ring?
a) D-sugar
b) L-sugar
c) α-anomer
d) β-anomer
Correct answer: b) L-sugar
11. In the α-anomer, in which direction does the OH group point?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
d) Diagonally
Correct answer: b) Downwards
12. In the β-anomer, in which direction does the OH group point?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
d) Diagonally
Correct answer: a) Upwards
13. Which form of glucose is more stable in pyranose form?
a) α-glucose
b) β-glucose
c) γ-glucose
d) Open chain form
Correct answer: b) β-glucose
14. Which form of glucose is more stable in furanose form?
a) α-glucose
b) β-glucose
c) γ-glucose
d) Open chain form
Correct answer: a) α-glucose
15. What is the percentage composition of γ-glucose in the solution at equilibrium?
a) 1%
b) 2%
c) 3%
d) 4%
Correct answer: a) 1%
16. What is the percentage composition of the open chain form in the solution at equilibrium?
a) 0.001%
b) 0.002%
c) 0.0025%
d) 0.003%
Correct answer: c) 0.0025%
17. Which group undergoes condensation with the aldehyde or keto group to form an aldenol or ketonol group?
a) Hydroxyl group
b) Aldehyde group
c) Keto group
d) Aldenol group
Correct answer: d) Aldenol group
18. What is the term used to describe the OH group formed on the aldehyde or keto group due to cyclization of the sugar molecule?
a) Anomer
b) Hydroxyl group
c) Acetal group
d) Aldol group
Correct answer: c) Acetal group
19. Which carbon atom becomes an asymmetric carbon atom due to cyclization of the sugar molecule?
a) C1 in aldoses
b) C2 in aldoses
c) C1 in ketoses
d) C2 in ketoses
Correct answer: a) C1 in aldoses
20. Which carbon atom becomes an asymmetric carbon atom due to cyclization of the sugar molecule?
a) C1 in aldoses
b) C2 in aldoses
c) C1 in ketoses
d) C2 in ketoses
Correct answer: d) C2 in ketoses
1) Which type of isomerism is characterized by different ways of arrangement of atoms forming the molecule?
a) Chain isomerism
b) Positional isomerism
c) Functional group isomerism
d) Ring isomerism
Correct answer: a) Chain isomerism
2) Which type of isomerism is characterized by the same carbon skeleton but different positions of substituent groups?
a) Chain isomerism
b) Positional isomerism
c) Functional group isomerism
d) Ring isomerism
Correct answer: b) Positional isomerism
3) Which type of isomerism is characterized by the same carbon skeleton but different functional groups?
a) Chain isomerism
b) Positional isomerism
c) Functional group isomerism
d) Ring isomerism
Correct answer: c) Functional group isomerism
4) Which type of isomerism is characterized by different spatial configurations of atoms and groups?
a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
b) Epimers
c) Anomers
d) Geometric isomerism
Correct answer: d) Geometric isomerism
5) How many stereoisomers can be formed if a molecule has 3 asymmetric carbon atoms?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16
Correct answer: c) 8
6) Which type of stereoisomerism involves mirror image isomers?
a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
b) Epimers
c) Anomers
d) Geometric isomerism
Correct answer: a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
7) Which type of stereoisomerism involves isomers that differ in distribution of H and OH groups around a single asymmetric carbon atom?
a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
b) Epimers
c) Anomers
d) Geometric isomerism
Correct answer: b) Epimers
8) Which type of stereoisomerism involves isomers that differ in distribution of H and OH groups around the asymmetric anomeric carbon atom?
a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
b) Epimers
c) Anomers
d) Geometric isomerism
Correct answer: c) Anomers
9) Which type of stereoisomerism involves isomers that differ in distribution of atoms or groups around the axis of a double bond?
a) D and L isomerism (enantiomers)
b) Epimers
c) Anomers
d) Geometric isomerism
Correct answer: d) Geometric isomerism
10) How many stereoisomers can be formed if a molecule has 4 asymmetric carbon atoms?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16
Correct answer: d) 16
